Does this mean that they can be used in any platform regardless on whether they are officially supported by the design language’s creators?
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You want to know if they are protected by something like copyrights?
AFAIK, those two are not, but you’ll get a useful answer if you look at their terms of use.
You can’t copyright a color palette or a design idea, but in principle you can violate trademarks or design patents by copying those two. Again, AFAIK, not the examples you posted, but in general those things could be protected.
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Yes. A good example is any Google app on an iPhone. They eschew iOS design language for Material design.