There is also a theory that states that black holes, since they are singularities - are infact their own universe. It’s also not entirely unrealistic to apply that to our universe being in a black hole itself.

We know the observable universe has an age. In fact, we know there’s a limit to what we can see. We can locate galaxies 32 billion light-years away, but the redshift of its spectra confirms it is still about as old as the universe. Theoretically, just like an object falling in a black hole stretches forever, our expanding universe is the exact same phenomenon. There exist no spacetime paths that allow anything to escape our universe.

Yeah it’s relatively new. James Web telescope has the potential to help a ton with physics.

That’s a whole different discussion, which is why I left the question there.

The answer is likely no. Galaxies, unlike a good chunk of stars, are almost as old as the universe itself. The youngest observed galaxy has actually been found to have stellar signatures that give it an age of 1 billion to 10 billion years, and I suspect James Web will find more, inevitably confirming it too formed at the same time as more other galaxies.

The supermassive black holes are quite likely primordial black holes - they came into existence shortly after the big bang (and there is debate on which big bang they formed with - yes, there is a working theory that there were two the conventional big bang, and a dark matter big bang).

The problem with black hole mergers being the source of them is that space is huge. When the Milky Way Collides with Andromeda, it’s very possible that no stars, let alone the supermassive black holes, interact between galaxies. They will possibly change shape but due to the gravitational interaction of the two galaxies dark matter.

A lot of theories are waiting on data from James Web. The really interesting part, is that the further back in time we look - we still see galaxies that have formed. As I mentioned earlier with the two big bang theories is that there is now some thought that the universe isn’t as finite as well believe, but it is cyclical. We are aware of the heat death of the universe, where the space between individual particles is too great to sustain an interaction. We have two possible ages of the universe, shortly apart from eachother.

Current research is looking at the relationship between particle chirality, the mystery between matter and anti-matter imbalance, the distribution of dark matter, and primordial black holes to see if it can be linked together. One of the more popular theories right now is that dark matter is likely a class of weakly interacting massive particles that we know a lot of characteristics of, but need something orders of magnitude stronger than the LHC to produce it.

You are correct. I don’t know what evidence we have of super sized stars, but beyond a certainly limit, stars can burn through their fuel faster than it can condense.

The other two have corrected you on the lifespan of red dwars.

However, it’s actually pretty neat to understand why small stars have exceptionally long lifespans, and big ones are very short: it’s because of the limitations of quantum tunneling and nuclear fusion, vs mass.

In order for a star to generate any light, it needs a shit ton of energy. The only way to get this epic shit ton of energy is nuclear fusion. Because of physics, massive particles are attracted to eachother because of gravity. Heavier masses attract more particles. As the particles start piling up on top of eachother, they generate heat because they are also being repelled by other forces (namely electromagnetism). Heat is really a particles kinetic energy - the amount of energy of its movement.

At a certain point, hydrogen fuses to Helium, helium fuses, then heavier elements like carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, all the way up to Iron.

Each time a specific fuel runs out, there is a small to large explosion as the force compressing the particles is less than the force repelling the particles. Depending on how massive the star is, this could happen very quickly, or not at all. Red dwarfs don’t usually have the mass required to fuse more helium, so the fusion reaction continues forever until the gravitational forces are in equilibrium with the e&m forces. In bigger stars, the rate of fuel being consumed increases with mass, so you burn through each fuel quicker. In a star hypothetically large enough, it’s possible that the mass is enormous enough for it to consume all of its fuel in short succession, and instead of even getting a black hole, the star completely blows itself apart.

Which leads to other really crazy things - like the question on supermassive black holes in the center of galaxies. How did they form if stars of a certain size would blow themselves to smitherings?

That’s the weird part - they have some stuff based on experiences, like dropping my kid off at school, and being in a baseball stadium. The missile landing looked similar to an artillery napalm round in Helldivers, but the wedding, the glitter bomb, the baseball stadium my parents in NYC, in a bunker? Yeah not exactly stuff I’m familiar with.

I remember another dream where I was being driven to school as a kid, and giant flying saucers descend from the sky and start firing green lasers into the ground. Or a time in hypnosis where I talked to an Eldritch entity consisting of an eyeball and tentacles that’s connected to all of us that is the reason we get stress headaches because we try to pull them off (yeah).

My mind is weird

Totally feel that. Constant stress and anxiety manifesting in mine

If you have used Matlab, Or R, there is a huge range of data science that only really requires an undergrad in math. Hospitals that run their own Clinical Trials usually have a consistent need.

Really you’re eligible for anything statistics related, and there is a lot out there. Some job titles to look for:

1. Data Scientist
2. Statistical Analyst
3. Statistical Programmer
4. Signal Analyst (this is usually government related)
5. Data curator

I say it every time this comes up, and it sparks anger, but the movie that did it was Civil War.

Iron Man flinches from a punch Cap throws. A human with peak capable strength does that to the same goddamn dude who took a fucking tank round and just had scorch marks on his armor.

Then in infinity war, the Two stone wielding Thanos frightens Hulk? Bullshit, get out of here. Hulk would have flattened him.

Plus you cannot tell me that Bond didn’t survive in that last movie.

It even says “James Bond Will Return” at the end. So like duh, he didn’t die

(I know but I really want to believe we’re not done with Daniel Craig as Bond)

The math is describing reality - but that’s why I highlighted that the math predicted it long before there was experimental evidence.

From what we know about the quantum realm (my physics professor liked using that description, as if it’s a whole different existence), it appears that it’s actually the opposite: reality is obeying the math. Consider how wild that is - particle interactions are doing what they do because of how mathematics works. Something that we humans came up with to describe observations.

So the way I “understood” the spin-statistics theorem is that it’s basically this:

A given particle with a given intrinsic spin has a direct relationship to a collection of the same particles as a consequence of quantum math. Yeah. Just “it’s related.”

Proving that math is really freaking difficult and you need to use relativistic quantum field theory. I think it was Richard Feynman who said “We apologize for the fact that we cannot give you an elementary explanation.”

Actually when I graduated there was another professor (can’t remember his name) who was discussing his frustration with how they still can’t explain it without all of QFT steps.

Basically, this is where the shared attitude of “the more you know about quantum physics, the more confusing it becomes.”

It’s a lot more complicated than that even.

Pauli Exclusion Principal is that two or more identical particles of half integer spin cannot occupy the same quantum state. So two electrons in an orbital must be made of a +1/2 and -1/2 spin. This is evidenced by observation, but the prediction was made long before that.

This is because the total wave function for fermions is antisymmetric (bosons, like the photon, are symmetric). It’s sort of hard to describe how this works without paper and pen, but essentially there is different formula of solving a wave function. A symmetric wave function is a sum, and an antisymmetric wave function is a difference. The issue arises when you have two identical particles - symmetric functions can be any state as it results in a solution >0. If you have an assymetric function of two identical particles, the result is 0, which isn’t a valid state.

The very uncomfortable part of physics is here: when we ask “why” the answer based on the math and the observation is quite literally “because that is the way math works.” It’s fundamental - just like x * 0 = 0.

As awesome as that is - remember in the movie that the romans just executed all of the survivors of the initial massacre instead.

I’m like 90% certain that the US powers that be would be fine with this, so we might want to think of something slightly better if it comes to this.

My favorite part is when he stands up to talk to the mirrored glass the handcuffs just pop apart like they weren’t even there in the first place. Four military soldiers in this picture for a man who could literally turn them into pink mist

VS the entourage NYPD gave Luigi. An unarmed man with a back injury. They really are scared.

That works too. It just needs to get caught in a single prop for it to go down

That’s definitely giving them too much credit.

They are probably trying to reduce the number of eligible jurors who would acquit him.

I don’t see how they don’t see it.

You know, there’s no reason we can’t have anti-drone fireworks.

They don’t really even need dangerous amounts of explosives, they just need a strong net to get caught in a prop.

Drones are pretty damn slow if you compare it to a rocket.

It’s the craziest part of quantum physics. “Why is this stuff having the observed behavior?”

Based on all evidence and theory, the answer is that it quite literally just does.